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From early theories on how to break Earth's gravitational pull, humankind has traveled into World orbit, to the Moon, and even—via robotic proxies—to the outer solar organization. Even as the Hubble Space Telescope has made information technology possible for us to study distant galaxies and stars, other satellites requite us up-to-date atmospheric condition information, enhanced telecommunications, and navigation systems that allow us to pinpoint where we are. These advancements and more take all been made possible through the applied problem-solving that start launched usa into space.
| 1903 | | Paper mathematically demonstrates liftoff with liquid fuels
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky publishes a paper in Russia that mathematically demonstrates how to attain liftoff with liquid fuels. He too proposes using multistage rockets, which would exist jettisoned as they spent their fuel, and guidance systems using gyroscopes and movable vanes positioned in the exhaust stream. His formulas for adjusting a spacecraft'southward direction and speed to place information technology in any given orbit are withal in employ today.
| | | | 1915 | | Goddard establishes that information technology is possible to send a rocket to the Moon
Robert Goddard experiments with reaction propulsion in a vacuum and establishes that it is possible to ship a rocket to the Moon. 11 years later, in 1926, Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket.
| | | | 1942 | | Successful launch of a Five-two rocket
Ten years after his first successful rocket launch, High german ballistic missile technical director Wernher von Braun achieves the successful launch of a V-two rocket. Thousands of V-2s are deployed during World War II, but the guidance organization for these missiles is imperfect and many exercise non reach their targets. The later capture of V-2 rocket components gives American scientists an early opportunity to develop rocket research techniques. In 1949, for example, a V-2 mated to a smaller U.S. Regular army WAC Corporal 2d-stage rocket reaches an altitude of 244 miles and is used to obtain data on both high altitudes and the principles of two-phase rockets.
| | | | 1957 | | Sputnik I
On October 4 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik I using a liquid-fueled rocket built by Sergei Korolev. About the size of a basketball, the showtime artificial Earth satellite weighs 184 pounds and takes well-nigh 98 minutes to complete one orbit. On November three the Soviets launch Sputnik Two, carrying a much heavier payload that includes a passenger, a dog named Laika.
| | | | 1958 | | United States launches its first satellite
The United States launches its first satellite, the 30.8-pound Explorer one. During this mission, Explorer i carries an experiment designed by James A.Van Allen, a physicist at the University of Iowa, which documents the existence of radiations zones encircling Earth within the planet's magnetic field. The Van Allen Radiation Belt, as it comes to be called, partially dictates the electrical charges in the atmosphere and the solar radiation that reaches Earth. Later that year the U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Assistants (NASA).
| | | | 1959 | | Luna 3 probe flies past the Moon
The Soviet Union'southward Luna 3 probe flies by the Moon and takes the first pictures of its far side. This satellite carries an automatic film developing unit and and then relays the pictures back to Earth via video photographic camera.
| | | | 1960 | | TIROS one launched
Weather condition satellite TIROS i is launched to test experimental television techniques for a worldwide meteorological satellite data organization. Weighing 270 pounds, the aluminum alloy and stainless steel spacecraft is 42 inches in bore and 19 inches high and is covered by 9,200 solar cells, which serve to charge the onboard batteries. Magnetic tape recorders, one for each of ii goggle box cameras, store photographs while the satellite is out of range of the basis station network. Although it is operational for only 78 days, TIROS i proves that a satellite can be a useful tool for surveying global weather condition conditions from space.
| | | | 1961 | | Alan B. Shepard, Jr. becomes the 2d homo in space
On May 5 astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., in Freedom 7, becomes the second human in space. Launched from Cape Canaveral past a Mercury-Redstone rocket, Freedom seven—the get-go piloted Mercury spacecraft—reaches an altitude of 115 nautical miles and a speed of 5,100 miles per hour earlier splashing down in the Atlantic Bounding main. During his 15-minute suborbital flight, Shepard demonstrates that individuals can control a vehicle during weightlessness and high Chiliad stresses, supplying researchers on the ground with meaning biomedical information.
| | | | 1961 | | Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space
On Apr 12, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, in Vostok I, becomes the first human in infinite. Launching from Baikonur Cosmodrome, he completes one orbit of Earth in a motel that contains radios, instrumentation, life-support equipment, and an ejection seat. Iii small portholes requite him a view of space. At the end of his 108-minute ride, during which all flying controls are operated past basis crews, he parachutes to prophylactic in Kazakhstan.
| | | | 1962 | | John Glenn is the kickoff American to circle Earth
John Glenn becomes the first American to circumvolve World, making iii orbits in his Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft. Glenn flies parts of the last two orbits manually because of an autopilot failure and during reentry leaves the normally jettisoned retro-rocket pack attached to his capsule because of a loose heat shield. Nonetheless, the flight is enormously successful. The public, more than celebrating the technological success, embraces Glenn equally the personification of heroism and dignity.
| | | | 1963 | | Syncom communications satellites launched
On February fourteen NASA launches the beginning of a series of Syncom communications satellites into near-geosynchronous orbit, post-obit procedures adult by Harold Rosen of Hughes Shipping. In July, Syncom 2 is placed over the Atlantic Ocean and Brazil at 55 degrees longitude to demonstrate the feasibility of geosynchronous satellite communications. Information technology successfully transmits vocalization, teletype, facsimile, and data betwixt a ground station in Lakehurst, New Jersey, and the USNS Kingsport while the ship is off the declension of Africa. It as well relays television transmissions from Lakehurst to a ground station in Andover, Maine. Forerunners of the Intelsat serial of satellites, the Syncom satellites are cylinders covered with silicon solar cells that provide 29 watts of straight power when the craft is in sunlight (99 percent of the time). Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries provide power when the spacecraft is in World's shadow.
| | | | 1965 | | Edward H. White, Jr. is the commencement American to perform a spacewalk
The 2d piloted Gemini mission, Gemini 4, stays aloft for four days, (June 3-7), and astronaut Edward H. White, Jr. performs the starting time extravehicular activity (EVA)—or spacewalk—past an American. This critical task will have to exist mastered before a landing on the Moon.
| | | | 1968 | | Apollo 8 flight to the Moon views Earth from lunar orbit.
Humans first escape Globe's gravity on the Apollo 8 flight to the Moon and view Earth from lunar orbit. Apollo 8 takes off from the Kennedy Infinite Heart on December 21 with three astronauts aboard—Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders. As their ship travels outward, the crew focuses a portable television camera on Earth and for the beginning fourth dimension humanity sees its home from distant, a tiny "bluish marble" hanging in the black of infinite. When they get in at the Moon on Christmas Eve, the coiffure sends back more images of the planet along with Christmas greetings to humanity. The next day they fire the boosters for a return flight and splash downwardly in the Pacific Sea on December 27.
| | | | 1969 | | Neil Armstrong becomes the get-go person to walk on the Moon
Neil Armstrong becomes the kickoff person to walk on the Moon. The starting time lunar landing mission, Apollo 11 lifts off on July xvi to begin the iii-day trip. At 4:18 p.m. EST on July 20, the lunar module—with astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. (Fizz) Aldrin—lands on the Moon's surface while Michael Collins orbits overhead in the command module. Subsequently more than 21 hours on the lunar surface, they return to the command module with twenty.87 kilograms of lunar samples, leaving behind scientific instruments, an American flag, and other mementos, including a plaque bearing the inscription: "Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in Peace For All Mankind."
| | | | 1971 | | First space station, Salyut i
The Soviet Union launches the world's first space station, Salyut 1, in 1971. 2 years afterwards the United States sends its first space station, Skylab, into orbit, where it hosts 3 crews earlier being abandoned in 1974. Russia continues to focus on long-duration space missions, launching the beginning modules of the Mir infinite station in 1986.
| | | | 1972 | | Pioneer x sent to the outer solar system
Pioneer 10, the first mission to be sent to the outer solar system, is launched on March two by an Atlas-Centaur rocket. The spacecraft makes its closest approach to Jupiter on December 3, 1973, later which information technology is on an escape trajectory from the Solar System. NASA launches Pioneer xi on Apr 5, 1973, and in December 1974 the spacecraft gives scientists their closest view of Jupiter, from 26,600 miles above the deject tops. 5 years later Pioneer 11 makes its closest arroyo to Saturn, sending back images of the planet's rings, and so heads out of the solar system in the opposite direction from Pioneer ten. The last successful information acquisitions from Pioneer 10 occur on March iii, 2002, the 30th anniversary of its launch date, and on April 27, 2002. Its betoken is last detected on January 23, 2003, after an uplink is transmitted to plow off the last operational experiment.
| | | | 1975 | | NASA launches ii Mars infinite probes
NASA launches two Mars space probes, Viking 1 on August 20 and Viking two on November nine, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander. The showtime probe lands on July twenty, 1976, the second 1 on September 3. The Viking project's primary mission ends on November fifteen, 11 days before Mars'south superior conjunction (its passage behind the Sun), although the two spacecraft continue to operate for several more years. The last transmission reaches Earth on November 11, 1982. Afterwards repeated efforts to regain contact, controllers at NASA'southward Jet Propulsion Laboratory close downwardly the overall mission on May 21, 1983.
| | | | 1977 | | Voyager I and Voyager 2 are launched
Voyager I and Voyager 2 are launched on trajectories that take them to Jupiter and Saturn. Over the adjacent decade the Voyagers rack upwards a long list of achievements. They detect 22 new satellites (3 at Jupiter, 3 at Saturn, x at Uranus, and 6 at Neptune); find that Jupiter has rings and that Saturn's rings comprise spokes and braided structures; and ship back images of active volcanism on Jupiter'south moon lo—the only solar torso other than Earth with confirmed active volcanoes.
| | | | 1981 | | Infinite Shuttle Columbia is launched
The Space Shuttle Columbia, the first reusable winged spaceship, is launched on April 12 from Kennedy Space Center. Astronauts John West. Immature and Robert L. Crippin fly Columbia on the beginning flight of the Space Transportation System, landing the arts and crafts at Edwards Air Force Base in Southern California on April 14. Using pressurized auxiliary tanks to ameliorate the full vehicle weight ratio then that the craft can be inserted into its orbit, the mission is the start to use both liquid- and solid-propellant rocket engines for the launch of a spacecraft carrying humans.
| | | | 1986 | | Space Shuttle Challenger destroyed during launch
On the 25th shuttle flying, the Space Shuttle Challenger is destroyed during its launch from the Kennedy Space Middle on Jan 28, killing astronauts Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, Michael Smith, Judith Resnik, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, and Sharon Christa McAuliffe. The explosion occurs 73 seconds into the flight when a leak in one of ii solid rocket boosters ignites the principal liquid fuel tank. People around the world see the blow on goggle box. The shuttle plan does not return to flying until the fall of 1988.
| | | | 1990 | | Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope goes into orbit on Apr 25, deployed past the crew of the Infinite Shuttle Discovery. A cooperative endeavour by the European Space Bureau and NASA, Hubble is a infinite-based observatory first dreamt of in the 1940s. Stabilized in all iii axes and equipped with special grapple fixtures and 76 handholds, the space telescope is intended to exist regularly serviced past shuttle crews over the bridge of its xv-yr blueprint life.
| | | | 1998 | | International Space Station
The showtime two modules of the International Infinite Station are joined together in orbit on December 5 by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Endeavor. In a serial of spacewalks, astronauts connect cables between the two modules—from the United States and Zarya from Russia—affix antennae, and open up the hatches between the 2 spacecraft.
| | | | 2000 | | Trek I of the International Space Station
On October 31 Expedition One of the International Space Station is launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan—the aforementioned launch-pad from which Yuri Gagarin became the beginning human in space. Prior to its return on March 21, 2001, the crew conducts scientific experiments and prepares the station for long-term occupation.
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